Architectural Image Studies (E-ISSN:2184-8645) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal that explores the visual, cultural, technological, social, economic, and managerial dimensions of architecture. Adopting a multidisciplinary perspective, AIS brings together architecture, urban studies, economics, management, heritage, arts, social sciences, and digital technologies to understand how the built environment is conceived, represented, experienced, governed, and sustained. We believe architecture is more than form and function — it is a cultural and economic asset, shaped by complex interactions between design, policy, markets, communities, and technology. AIS publishes original research articles, theoretical explorations, visual essays, practice-based case studies, and critical reviews. The journal especially welcomes work that connects design thinking with economic development, urban governance, tourism management, and cultural industries. Our Areas of Interest Include: Architectural Representation & Media – Drawings, photography, film, digital rendering, photogrammetry, AI-generated visualizations. Urbanism & Spatial Studies – Urban planning, infrastructure, mobility, public space governance. Cultural Heritage & History – Heritage management, preservation economics, restoration policy, memory studies. Sustainability & Environmental Design – Green architecture, climate-responsive planning, adaptive reuse, resilience strategies. Art–Architecture Intersections – Public art, installations, creative collaborations in spatial contexts. Digital Technologies & Innovation – VR/AR, 3D scanning, computational design, smart environments, BIM systems. Social & Cultural Perspectives – Inclusivity, participatory planning, community-led development, spatial justice. Economics of Architecture & Urban Development – Real estate markets, architectural entrepreneurship, cost-benefit analysis in design. Management & Policy in the Built Environment – Urban governance, cultural tourism management, infrastructure project management, policy frameworks. Interdisciplinary Approaches – Anthropology, sociology, philosophy, psychology, cultural geography in built environment studies. Please submit your article as an email attachment to editor@ap2.pt
Digital Visual Learning Materials and Their Impact on Students' English Language Skills: A Guided Inquiry Approach
This study investigates the effect of the Guided Inquiry model assisted by Digital Student Worksheets (LKPD) on eleventh-grade students' English language skills, specifically writing creativity, reading comprehension, speaking proficiency, and learning independence. Employing a quasi-experimental design with a Nonequivalent Control Group, the study involved 187 students from SMA Negeri 1 Woha, Bima, West Nusa Tenggara, selected through proportional random sampling and assigned to either an experimental group (Digital LKPD-supported Guided Inquiry) or a control group (conventional instruction). Pre- and post-tests were administered across all four outcome variables, and data were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) and N-Gain tests. Results demonstrated statistically significant improvements in the experimental group across all four variables: writing creativity (t = 3.542; p = 0.001), reading comprehension (t = 3.215; p = 0.002), speaking skills (t = 3.611; p = 0.001), and learning independence (t = 3.214; p = 0.002). The MANCOVA revealed a simultaneous significant effect of the instructional model on all dependent variables (Pillai's Trace = 0.913; p < 0.001). N-Gain scores indicated moderate-to-high improvement in the experimental group (M = 0.65) compared to the control group (M = 0.35). These findings suggest that integrating digital visual learning materials within a Guided Inquiry framework functions not merely as a content delivery mechanism, but as a strategic instructional design component that promotes self-regulated learning, cognitive engagement, and holistic English language literacy development in 21st-century educational contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sholihin ., I Made Tegeh, I Wayan Sukra Warpala, I Gde Wawan Sudatha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessing farmers’ knowledge on climate change and their adaptation strategies in Zimbabwe
Climate change presents a growing threat to agricultural productivity and food security in Zimbabwe, where smallholder farmers depend heavily on rain-fed agriculture and are highly vulnerable to climate variability. This study assesses farmers’ knowledge of climate change and examines the extent to which this knowledge influences the adoption of adaptation strategies across selected regions in Zimbabwe. Using a desktop involving case studies from Zimbabwe the article investigates the primary sources of climate information accessible to farmers, the types of adaptation strategies currently employed, and the socio-economic and institutional factors that facilitate or hinder adoption. The findings reveal that while many farmers are aware of climate-related changes such as erratic rainfall, prolonged dry spells, and rising temperatures, their ability to respond effectively is often constrained by limited access to finance, poor extension support, insecure land tenure, and insufficient information. Farmers with greater awareness and access to reliable climate information are more likely to adopt strategies such as conservation agriculture, crop diversification, rainwater harvesting, and drought-tolerant seed varieties. The study concludes that enhancing farmers’ knowledge through accessible information, targeted training, and supportive policies is essential to building resilience and promoting sustainable agricultural development in the context of climate change.
Copyright (c) 2026 Beauty Zindi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Scan-to-HBIM for the Condition Assessment of a Large Defensive Heritage Complex: The Mers-el-Kébir Fortress (Algeria)
The integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) into heritage conservation has improved the documentation, analysis, and management of historic sites, yet its uptake in many developing countries remains limited, with practice still reliant on manual survey and CAD drafting. This study reports a Scan-to-HBIM workflow applied to the Mers-el-Kébir fortress (Oran, Algeria), a multi-period Mediterranean bastioned complex of approximately 54,000 m² documented under the constraints of an active military site within a Ministry of Culture restoration program. A deliberately multi-technique survey combined manual recording, a total-station network, photographic documentation, terrestrial laser scanning (Faro Focus S150 and M70) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR). The TLS campaign acquired 3,000 scans (1,200 with HDR imaging), georeferenced through 31 GPS control stations, over a 13-month period of intermittent, access-restricted windows. Point clouds were registered in Faro Scene, exported in E57 (10–15 mm spacing), processed in Autodesk ReCap, and modeled as a semantically structured HBIM in Graphisoft ArchiCAD; each element was classified, enriched, and exported to the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) 2x3 schema, the model being validated in Tekla BIMsight. Condition was recorded as a per-space condition assessment and an entity-level crack register; for the North-West Bastion alone, 43 cracks were catalogued and classified by penetration, roughly half being deep or through-going. Recorded degradation and recommended intervention are stored as distinct attribute sets. The principal limitation is the manual modeling effort demanded by irregular historical geometry. Rather than a benchmark, the study contributes a transferable, resource-conscious workflow for the condition-oriented documentation of large, access-restricted defensive heritage.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Legal Service in the Protection of Ophthalmologists from the Risk of Medical Lawsuits
Optometrists face high legal risks due to invasive procedures directly related to vision function, while understanding medical law is still relatively limited. This condition raises the need for preventive and applicative legal service. This study aims to analyze the implementation of legal service in providing legal protection to ophthalmologists from the risk of medical lawsuits and assess the effectiveness of legal service in increasing the understanding and legal awareness of ophthalmologists. The research method uses a mixed approach (mixed methods) with an evaluative descriptive design through a one group pretest–posttest model. The research location will be carried out in hospitals and eye clinics in Makassar City in 2025 with the subject of ophthalmologists, hospital management, and legal teams. Data was collected through observation, interviews, pre- test and post-test questionnaires, and documentation studies, then analyzed descriptively, qualitatively, and quantitatively. The results of the study show that legal service is carried out in a structured manner through medical legal education and applicative assistance supported by the active role of hospitals and legal teams. The effectiveness of legal service can be seen from a significant increase in ophthalmologists' legal understanding and the ability to apply the principle of legal prudence in clinical practice. This study concludes that legal service is effective as an instrument of preventive legal protection for ophthalmologists. This study suggests strengthening ongoing legal service programs and recommends the integration of medical legal education in hospital management systems and ophthalmologist professional development.
Selection of the Optimal Cross-Sectional Shape of Profiled Steel Decking for Steel–Concrete Composite Floor Systems
Steel–concrete composite floor systems incorporating profiled steel decking and cast-in-place concrete slabs are widely used in modern building construction due to their structural efficiency, reduced material consumption, and accelerated construction schedules. However, the geometric optimization of profiled decking remains insuffi-ciently investigated, particularly with regard to the influence of flange width ratios on flexural stiffness and load-bearing capacity at different stages of structural perfor-mance.This study investigates the optimal cross-sectional configuration of profiled steel decking by analyzing the relationship between the widths of the upper and lower flanges, decking height, and wave length. Analytical expressions for the centroid lo-cation and moment of inertia are derived, and optimization criteria are formulated for both the installation stage (prior to concrete hardening) and the service stage (compo-site action). The results demonstrate that maximum flexural stiffness during installa-tion is achieved when the top and bottom flange widths are equal, resulting in a sym-metric cross-section. In contrast, during the operational stage, the optimal flange width ratio depends strongly on the magnitude of the live load. Practical recommen-dations are provided for the orientation and design of asymmetric profiled decking under varying load conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Qosimov To’raboy, Ulugberdiev Sanjarbek Shaydullayevich, Bakhriev Nuritdin Fakhritdinovich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ownership concentration and extreme downside risk: The mediating role of landbanking in property development firms
This study examines how controlling ownership and landbanking intensity jointly influence firms’ exposure to extreme downside risk among publicly listed property development firms in Indonesia. The study extends the corporate governance literature by focusing on tail-risk outcomes and by identifying strategic asset allocation as an important mechanism linking ownership structure to corporate resilience. Using panel data from Indonesian listed property firms, extreme downside risk is measured by Expected Shortfall at the 5% level (ES5). Panel regression analysis is employed to test the relationships among controlling ownership, landbanking intensity and tail-risk exposure, while mediation analysis is used to assess the indirect effect of controlling ownership through landbanking decisions. The findings reveal that controlling ownership is negatively associated with both extreme downside risk and landbanking intensity, while landbanking intensity is negatively related to tail-risk exposure. Furthermore, the mediation results indicate partial mediation, suggesting that controlling shareholders strengthen firms’ resilience to severe market downturns both directly and indirectly through more disciplined landbanking strategies. These results imply that investors, managers and policymakers should jointly consider ownership structure and landbanking decisions when evaluating firms’ vulnerability to adverse market shocks. Governance mechanisms that encourage disciplined asset allocation may improve corporate resilience during periods of market stress. This study contributes to the literature by integrating corporate governance and real estate asset management in explaining firms’ exposure to extreme downside risk, and by conceptualizing landbanking as a governance-mediated real options mechanism through which ownership structures shape firm resilience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ardo Ryan Dwitanto, Adler Haymans Manurung, Nera Marinda Machdar, Wastam Wahyu Hidayat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Legal Protection Of Patients With Retinal Detachment as an Ophthalmic Emergency: A Case Study at Pasar Rebo Hospital Jakarta
Retinal detachment is an ophthalmic emergency that may lead to permanent blindness if not treated promptly. Early surgical intervention within 24–72 hours is crucial to preserve visual function. However, in several public hospitals in Indonesia, emergency ophthalmic treatment may be delayed due to administrative procedures and surgical waiting lists associated with the national health insurance system. This study analyzes (1) the forms of legal protection provided to patients with retinal detachment emergencies and (2) the legal responsibilities of medical personnel and hospitals in handling such cases at Pasar Rebo Hospital, Jakarta. This research employs an empirical legal research method with a descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected through interviews with ophthalmologists, patients, and hospital management, as well as through document analysis of relevant regulations, including the Indonesian Health Law No. 17 of 2023, Minister of Health Regulations, and the Indonesian Medical Code of Ethics. The findings indicate that preventive legal protection is implemented through rapid assessment procedures, informed consent, and clinical examination facilities. However, corrective legal protection remains weak due to administrative delays related to the Indonesian’s National Health Insurance (BPJS) referral system and limited surgical capacity. These delays may result in permanent macular damage and visual impairment. Medical personnel are responsible through the principle of duty of care and compliance with professional standards, while hospitals bear institutional responsibility under the concept of vicarious liability. This study concludes that although legal regulations regarding patient protection already exist, their implementation in emergency ophthalmic services remains suboptimal. Strengthening hospital emergency systems and improving administrative procedures are essential to ensure effective legal protection and patient safety in retinal detachment cases.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rakhma Indria Hapsari, Hamzah Halim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Negotiating Saharan Heritage and Modernity: An Analysis of Fernand Pouillon’s Hotels in Southern Algeria
The article presents a critical analysis of Fernand Pouillon's hotel work in southern Algeria, considered as a pioneering experience of contextualized modernity. It explores how the architectural, constructive, morphological, and climatic logics of Saharan vernacular are reinterpreted in a modern language, expressing a post-colonial national identity. Beyond esthetics, the study analyzes how Pouillon translates operational principles of the vernacular -compactness, thermal inertia, introversion, continuity with the site, and mineral materiality- into an architecture adapted to contemporary demands of thermal comfort, passive cooling with energy efficiency, sustainable tourism, and institutional representation. In the context of building a modern national identity after 1962, the development of an Algerian Saharan tourism was accompanied by the construction of hotel infrastructures. However, starting from the 1970s, these projects tended to align with standardized international models, often unsuitable for the local climate and dependent on mechanical air conditioning. Pouillon's approach stands out distinctly from this evolution by proposing an architecture rooted in the logics of the site and the climate. The Saharan hotels he designs are situated at the intersection of colonial legacies, modernist influences, and vernacular references, contributing to shaping the tourist image of the Algerian Sahara after independence. The comparative analysis of three emblematic hotels -El-Gourara, M’Zab, and El Djanoub- highlights common principles: topographical integration, use of local materials, organization around patios (courtyards), and creation of adapted thermal atmospheres. The methodology is based on a cross-sectional approach combining morpho-stylistic analysis and qualitative evaluation of bioclimatic systems. The results show that Pouillon's architecture is neither an imitation nor a pastiche, but a reinterpretation of the fundamental logics of the vernacular. It embodies a functional Saharan regionalism, where cultural and environmental dimensions are inseparable, in contrast to later productions often reduced to mere decoration. Ultimately, the article highlights the relevance of this approach in the context of an energy and climate crisis. Pouillon's achievements appear as relevant references for rethinking architecture in desert environments, prioritizing passive and contextualized solutions rather than energy-intensive technical devices.
Copyright (c) 2026 SAOULI Sarra, SRITI Leila, KAIHOUL Ahmed, PITZALIS Efisio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Spatial Configuration of Collective Social Housing: A Space Syntax Analysis of 1980s Housing in Biskra, Algeria
Since independence, social housing has been one of the cornerstones of Algeria’s urban policy. This article forms part of a doctoral research project devoted to the transformations of architectural quality in collective housing in Biskra, and examines the extent to which the first post-independence projects reflect, or obscure, local socio-cultural practices. The study focuses on three F3-type dwellings located in the 726, 830 and 1000 housing estates: these are representative of the earliest state-planned programmes after 1962. The methodology combines Space Syntax tools with both quantitative analysis (depth, connectivity, and movement distribution) and qualitative observations (visual fields and circulation patterns). The findings highlight a dual dynamic; on the one hand, the persistence of traditional devices such as the entrance vestibule reminiscent of the saqîfa and the hierarchical organisation of reception spaces, which ensure the protection of family privacy; on the other hand, the emergence of transformations linked to the standardization and rationalization imposed by state planning. This analysis sheds light on how collective housing in Biskra has attempted, with both successes and limitations, to reconcile normative constraints with cultural traditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hadjer Abderrahmani, Hadjer Abderrahmani, P. Hynda Boutabba, Leila Sriti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Orientalism Revisited: A Critique of Western Discourses of Non-Western Development through the Postcolonial, Subaltern and Marxist Frames
This paper offers a critical examination of the intersection between Edward Said's concept of Orientalism and Western perceptions of development in Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa (MENA). Through a qualitative textual analysis of key literature in Orientalism and development studies, this research deconstructs the prevailing discourses that sustain Western-centric views of development in these regions. Drawing on Said's foundational work, Orientalism (1978), this study identifies and interrogates the power dynamics, stereotypes, and cultural essentialisms that inform Western representations of development in Asia and the MENA region. Employing a critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach, the research scrutinizes a corpus of texts—including academic articles, policy documents, and literary works—to address the central arguments and key assumptions of Orientalism. The analysis focuses on narratives that reinforce Orientalist tropes, marginalize indigenous perspectives, and legitimize Western dominance in development discourse. By juxtaposing Western development narratives with counter-narratives, this study reveals the epistemological tensions and power asymmetries that shape development policies and perceptions. The findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between Orientalism and Western perceptions of development, underscoring the need for decolonial and inclusive approaches.
Evaluating the Approaches of Accessible Design in the Concept of Ideal City: A Case Study of Ankara
This study aims to understand whether disabled individuals who reside in Cankaya, Ankara face any accessibility issues using scientific methods and techniques. Qualitative research method was used in this study, and data was collected through interviews. The study group consisted of 18 disabled individuals, including 6 orthopedic, 6 hearing, and 6 visually impaired individuals. The raw data obtained from the participants were evaluated and analyzed under seven different categories, which aimed to understand the accessibility in physical environment, public buildings, social aid, decision-making centers, employment, education, and health. The research findings indicate that some improvements have been made in the categories of "physical environment" accessibility, "public buildings" accessibility, accessibility to "social aids," "decision-making centers" accessibility, "health," "employment," and "education" sectors since the implementation of Law No. 5378 in 2005, but some problems still persist. Disabled individuals living in Cankaya, Ankara, face barriers due to erroneous and deficient physical environment designs, experience problems in the exterior and interior areas of public buildings, are unable to access decision-making centers, have inadequate consultation with their opinions and knowledge, are excluded from employment due to prejudices, and face accessibility issues in education and health. In other words, accessibility issues have become a barrier to disabled individuals, leading to a decrease in their living standards. As a result, it is understood that disabled individuals cannot participate in social life, achieve satisfaction in many areas such as education, health, and employment, and benefit from basic services sufficiently without solving the accessibility problem. Unless it is possible to access the services in question without any obstacles, the reforms and regulations made will remain only on paper. Therefore, the primary issue awaiting a solution for disabled individuals today is accessibility and the limitations it brings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusef CHEBİB, Ufuk Fatih KUCUKALİ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Abstractive Text Summarization using LSTM, GLOVE, and TensorFlow
Automatic Text summarization (ATS) is a fundamental task in NLP (natural-language-processing), aimed at generating concise and coherent summaries of longer texts. In this study, we investigate the use of deep-learning techniques, with a focus on LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) neural networks, Global Vectors used in Word Representation (GLOVE) embeddings, and the TensorFlow framework, for abstractive text summarization.Our approach leverages the power of LSTM networks to capture sequential dependencies in the input text, enabling the generation of abstractions that extend beyond simple sentence extraction. GLOVE embeddings are used to denote the words in a constant vector space, thereby improving the model's comprehension of semantic relationships between words. TensorFlow provides the computational framework for efficient model training and deployment.We perform experiments on diverse datasets to assess the execution of our abstractive text summarization model. Our findings demonstrate that integrating LSTM, GloVe embeddings, and TensorFlow significantly enhances the quality and fluency of generated summaries compared to traditional extractive summarization approaches.This study contributes to the development of abstractive text summarization techniques, offering a promising approach to distill important details from textual data automatically. Furthermore, the use of open-source tools like TensorFlow makes our model accessible and adaptable for many different applications in the field of natural language processing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Neeraj Kumar Sirohi, Mamta Bansal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Methods for Selecting Building Materials: A Comparative Analytical Study
The process of selecting building materials is one of the most important steps in architectural design. The selection process is at the core of the design process and is critical to the long-term success of an engineering project. Therefore, architects try to follow the best and most suitable methods to select building materials that match the design criteria. When selecting building materials, many criteria are related to building performance, environmental considerations, cost effectiveness, and aesthetic considerations must be taken into consideration. This research paper provides a brief overview of the methods that can be used to select building materials for architectural design. It analyzes these methods and compares them to identify the capabilities of each method and its application areas with the aim of helping architects and designers make choices that achieve the best building performance, considering criteria such as environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and aesthetic considerations. The study results indicated that the significance of the methods for selecting building materials varies depending on the project's objectives.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bara’a Emaduldeen Alkasar, Hafedh Abed Yahya, Muna Hanim Abdul Samad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessing the Effectiveness of Urban Intensification as an Approach to Social Sustainability in Algerian Cities: An Analytical Study Integrating GIS-AHP in the City of Bou Saâda
Urban planning in Algerian cities is increasingly confronted with challenges arising from haphazard urban sprawl, which has adversely affected social cohesion and the efficiency of public services. This study aims to evaluate the role of urban intensification strategies in fostering social sustainability, focusing on three fundamental dimensions: accessibility, urban diversity, and proximity. Taking the city of Bou Saâda as a case study, the research adopts a mixed-methods approach that integrates spatial analysis via Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assess four neighborhoods of varying densities. The study relies on a survey of 372 valid samples (93% response rate), supplemented by spatial data regarding road networks and service distribution. The AHP results demonstrate a clear superiority for high-density, mixed-use planning; the "Administrative District" (Le Quartier Administratif) led the social sustainability index with a score of (0.87), followed by the "Sidi Slimane" neighborhood (0.82), while low-density areas such as "Moufdi Zakaria" recorded the lowest indices (0.35). The study concludes that deliberate intensification—which prioritizes reducing access distances (less than 300 meters) and increasing the functional mix index (above 0.70)—serves as an effective tool for achieving social equity and enhancing the quality of life in medium-sized cities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ilyas Moussai, Lahcene Feloussia, Elhadj Benkhaled https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Biophilic Design Principles in Library Interiors: A Proposal for a Conceptual Design Guide
As urbanization, digitalization, and prolonged indoor occupancy increasingly weaken human contact with nature, biophilic design has emerged as a significant approach for improving the environmental quality of learning spaces. Although a growing body of research has examined the cognitive, psychological, and experiential benefits of biophilic environments, studies focusing specifically on library interiors remain limited. Addressing this gap, this study investigates how biophilic design principles become spatially visible in contemporary library interiors and how these principles can be systematized into a conceptual design guide. The research adopts a qualitative multiple case study method and examines four contemporary libraries selected from different geographical and cultural contexts: Library in the Earth (Japan), Calgary Central Library (Canada), Seashore Library (China), and Austin Central Library (USA). The cases were analysed through thematic visual and spatial interpretation based on established biophilic design frameworks. The findings reveal that natural light, visual connection with nature, materiality, prospect–refuge balance, and spatial transition strategies are the most consistent biophilic components across the cases, although their expression varies according to context. Based on these findings, the study proposes a conceptual design guide for library interiors. The article contributes to the biophilic design literature by offering a library-specific, design-oriented framework for future practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gaukhar Yespolova, Dilek Yasar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Post-implementation evaluation of urban street lighting using LED lighting units: a multi-criteria decision analysis methodology
Global shifts towards LED street lighting aim to prioritise energy efficiency and cost reduction. Still, systematic post-implementation evaluations that integrate heritage preservation, cultural sensitivity, and morphological diversity remain underrepresented in the scientific literature, particularly in Mediterranean heritage urban contexts where organic medieval architectural forms, UNESCO heritage classifications, and traditional cultural practices create implementation complexities absent in modern, architecturally designed environments. This study provides a comprehensive post-implementation assessment of the conversion of street lighting to LED across five distinct urban contexts in terms of form and culture in the urban centre of the municipality of Central Algiers, Algeria, where an integrated methodology based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was developed and documented, designed explicitly for heritage-sensitive assessment. Data collection involved systematic protocols that included field light measurements in accordance with EN 13201-4:2015 with modifications for irregular heritage forms, structured expert assessments using documented AHP frameworks that achieved a consistency ratio of 0.07, culturally adapted community surveys, heritage-adjusted lighting energy consumption index (LENI) calculations according to EN 15193-1:2017, and spatial analysis using Moran's I with Monte Carlo substitutions. The study revealed significant contextual sensitivity in LED integration with the urban form, with the latter accounting for 44.5% of the variance in implementation success. It demonstrated that setting a uniform colour temperature of 4000 K led to fundamental incompatibility in heritage contexts, with a dissatisfaction rate of 73%, directly contradicting the pedestrian-preferred range, which was empirically verified at 2,700-3,200 K. Energy performance showed significant reductions ranging from 35.6% to 48.2% across contexts, resulting in annual savings of €287,000, although heritage-sensitive areas sacrificed 20-30% of theoretical efficiency to preserve cultural identity. Spatial analysis revealed a strong spatial correlation with formal predictors, including street width, pattern regularity, and proximity to UNESCO-listed sites, which significantly influenced integration results. This research presents a rigorously documented AHP-GIS framework for heritage-sensitive evaluation of LED lighting, demonstrating that the €125,000 investment in appropriate colour temperature is economically justified by enhanced cultural preservation, in line with global best practices for heritage lighting, and that it achieves payback periods of between 7 years.
Copyright (c) 2026 ZAHAF Elamine, NOUIBAT brahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Measuring Visual Pollution in Individual Housing in Bou Saâda, Algeria: A Comparative Study of Four Urban Patterns Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Visual pollution is an escalating urban-environmental challenge that has attracted growing scholarly attention in urban planning and built environment research, particularly in developing cities undergoing rapid and largely unregulated spatial transformation. This study measures the variation in visual pollution levels across four residential neighborhoods representing distinct urban patterns in the semi-arid context of Bou Saâda, Algeria: the Traditional Quarter (Ksar), the Colonial District (Le Plateau), the Modern Planned Settlement (110 Dwellings), and the Informal Settlement (Sidi Slimane). The Multi-Criteria Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied following Saaty's protocol, complemented by a systematic field survey and in-depth expert interviews with specialists in urbanism and environmental planning.A comprehensive hierarchical evaluation framework was developed, comprising 30 criteria—10 shared across all patterns and 20 pattern-specific—alongside 275 indicators assessed on a 0–5 scale. The total observed visual pollution reached 1,975 points. Results revealed a pronounced divergence among the four patterns: the Informal Settlement ranked highest by a substantial margin (711 points, 36.00%), followed by the Traditional Quarter (439 points, 22.23%), the Planned Settlement (416 points, 21.06%), and the Colonial District (409 points, 20.71%). The absence of green spaces emerged as the most heavily weighted shared criterion (14.03%), followed by unfinished buildings (9.83%). Pearson correlation analysis further demonstrated that visual pollution operates as a tightly interconnected structural system, with correlation coefficients exceeding r = 0.80 in the majority of cases. The study concludes with a phased, evidence-based roadmap for improving visual landscape quality in comparable Algerian cities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ouggad Elhoucine, Nouibat Brahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Digital Trade 2.0: How Emerging Technologies (AI, IoT, and 5G) Are Redefining the Global Exchange of Goods and Services
This paper explores the Chinese digital service trade (DST) and examines its competitiveness through Porters Diamond Model considering the latest developments in technologies, such as the 5G network, Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI). Through multidimensional indices (Revealed Comparative Advantage, Trade Competitiveness, Market Share, Michaely Fluctuation Index) and Entropy-TOPSIS method, we identify the impact of trade freedom, government efficiency, digital infrastructure, and industry openness on DST competitiveness. The findings indicate that China has an escalating degree of competition because of the robust digital foundation and trade incorporation, and integration of trade and DST exports has a high positive long-run enhancement to the growth of the importing countries. The research fills the significant gaps in the existing research on the role of digital trade rules and technology to determine the effects of global trade, particularly in developing markets. Examples such as the USMCA and the DEPA show that the fragmentation of regulations due to the current debate on whether goods or services ought to be classified as digital transmissions is hindering global governance initiatives. Our study offers a policy recourse to developing countries that seek to reduce institutional barriers and enhance competitiveness by adopting digital trade rule-making and digital investments in infrastructure, which will lead to inclusive growth in international trade.
The role of references transformations in architecture design creativity
This research aims to demonstrate the effect of the method adopted by the architectural designer to employ the reference in generating the architectural product, which may be an imitative product or an innovative product. The field of study focuses on the references and design methods that influence the nature of architectural production and imitation and innovation in architecture. In the midst of this confusion in the design output of contemporary architecture, the problem of this research emerges in exploring the references that generate imitational outputs and the references that generate innovative outputs in architecture. To achieve this, the study has set two objectives: The first is what is the reference for generating the design concept? The second is what is the method that the designer relies on towards the reference to generate the design concept? The study adopted the qualitative analysis approach of building shapes to achieve the first objective and the qualitative inferential approach using the pre-structured interview method with a selected number of architectural experts to verify the second objective. The results of the study were summarized as follows: The most widely used methods for generating traditional ideas for architectural production is the imitation method, which relies on imitate and replicating references from within the field of architecture, while the metaphor method is used to generate innovative ideas for architectural production, which relies on abstracting and modifying references from outside the field of architecture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahma Waleed Hashim, Hafedh Abed Yahya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Guidelines for Enhancing Lifelong Learning for Chinese Students Studying in Thailand
The global landscape of higher education has witnessed a significant surge in international student mobility, with Chinese students representing the largest cohort worldwide. Thailand has emerged as an increasingly attractive destination for these students, particularly between 2023 and 2025. This article synthesizes existing literature and analytical findings to propose practical guidelines for enhancing lifelong learning (LLL) among Chinese students in Thailand. Drawing upon theoretical frameworks such as Andragogy, Social Cognitive Theory, Acculturation Theory, and Human Capital Theory, the paper identifies key facilitators and barriers to LLL engagement. The proposed guidelines offer actionable recommendations for Thai higher education institutions, Chinese students, and policymakers, aiming to foster a robust LLL mindset, cultivate essential skills, and maximize the overall benefits of their international educational experience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Theerapong Budsarakoon, Kasinee Sokhuma, Samrerng Onsamphan, Walton Wider, Wanting Zeng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Land Conflicts and Social Insecurity in the Municipality of Kpele 1 in the Face of Sustainability Challenges in Togo
In the commune of Kpélé 1 in south-western Togo, land is considered, according to social norms, to be a shared inheritance. The community therefore establishes rules to specify the use, sharing and transfer of this precious asset among all members. Belonging to the ancestors, the first occupants, the land is passed on in various forms to descendants, adopted foreigners or buyers. The availability of land and its exploitation according to customary rules have long been the basis for cohabitation and peaceful coexistence between several social groups. However, it has become the subject of controversy and conflict with the deterioration of social ties and family breakdown due to the monetisation of society and the decline of the collectivist spirit. This research aims to highlight the issues at stake, to understand the traditional and modern rationales that contextualise conflicts, and to identify endogenous and exogenous resolution mechanisms in the face of the challenges of lasting peace and social cohesion. The results show that several factors contribute to land conflicts, ranging from urban dynamics to historical and legal factors. In addition, conflicts are complex, and their resolution depends on the level of categorisation. It is therefore necessary to disseminate the legal framework based on the Land and State Property Code and to organise interviews and awareness-raising sessions with all stakeholders to promote social cohesion and peace, which are key to sustainable development.
Flood Risk Analysis in Şanlıurfa City Centre
In recent years, Turkey has become a place where loss of life and property due to natural disasters has increased. The rise in losses, particularly from floods, stems from construction in riverbeds and poor planning decisions. One of the most recent examples is the flood that occurred in the city center of Şanlıurfa, one of Turkey's major cities, on March 15, 2023, which resulted in the loss of 17 lives and material losses. The study gained importance because land use decisions in the city center of Şanlıurfa, which was selected as the study area, were made without considering flood risk, increasing the potential for sudden rainfall to turn into floods. To this end, the urban development of Şanlıurfa was examined in terms of flood risk, and the Süleymaniye and Göl neighborhoods, which have the highest potential for impact, were examined in detail. The flood risk analysis map, created using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods, shows that risk increases in areas close to rivers, with high rainfall, and dense construction. According to the risk analysis map, approximately 32% of the study area consists of low-risk areas, 62% of medium-risk areas, and 6% of high-risk areas. In areas where flood risk cannot be prevented, it is recommended that existing structures be evacuated or demolished based on their risk status, and that settlement in safer areas identified in place of risky structures be encouraged.
Copyright (c) 2026 Osman NASANLI, Devrim Türkan Kejanlı https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Spatial Analysis of Flood Risk in Manavgat
The number of natural disasters is increasing day by day due to climate change and pop-ulation growth. Disasters increase loss of life and property when city plans are prepared without sufficient consideration and land use decisions are made. In 2010, 2014 and 2021, floods in Antalya caused significant material losses in many districts. In recent years, in-creasing floods in the city centre of Manavgat, Antalya, have caused economic losses and expanded their area of impact. In this context, the aim of this study is to analyse the rela-tionship between land use and floods in Manavgat using the Analytical Hierarchy Pro-cess (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, thereby offering rec-ommendations for risk reduction. The study covers the identification of areas at risk of flooding and the development of settlement proposals for these areas. An analysis map has been prepared within this scope. Risk increases in low-altitude agricultural areas and urban areas with high rainfall, while it decreases in areas with low rainfall, high altitude and forested areas. Therefore, land use should be planned according to scientific and geo-graphical data, construction should be restricted in hazardous areas, permeable surfaces should be increased, and the destruction of forested areas should be prevented
Copyright (c) 2026 Osman Nasanlı, Devrim Türkan Kejanlı, Nurullah Tan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Distinguishing Manuel Panselinos from Michael Astrapas and Eutychios: A CIELAB Color Analysis of 13th Century Macedonian School Frescoes
The chromatic analysis of frescoes using the CIELAB method represents a novel, non-destructive approach for the preliminary study of an artist, based on the colorimetric analysis of their work as a whole. By employing sophisticated mathematical relationships, this method reveals an artist's color preferences and tendencies, which appear to be unique to each individual. Quantifying these preferences through CIELAB analysis allows for the establishment of a personal "color identity" expressed through stochastic mathematical relations. Consequently, the effective disclosure of these chromatic profiles requires the analysis of a sufficient number of representative images. Applying these principles to a case study of two prominent 13th-century masters of the Macedonian School, Manuel Panselinos and the Michael Astrapas and Eutychios, this research demonstrated a strong, individual linear correlation between the chromatic variable ΔC∗ and the variable Δb∗ in their respective paintings. This linear relationship serves as a unique chromatic property for each painter, constituting a distinct "color signature." The establishment of a comprehensive database utilizing the CIELAB method to register these chromatic signatures could prove invaluable for the attribution of unsigned works. This potential was validated in the present study, which confirmed the hypothesis that Panselinos was the artist responsible for the unsigned frescoes in the Chapel of Saint Efthymios in Thessaloniki. Ultimately, the creation of a global CIELAB-based chromatic database for artists and their frescoes would significantly facilitate the further study and authentication of Byzantine monumental painting.
Copyright (c) 2026 Antigoni Vlisidi, Hamdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Daily Dispatch’s construction of criminal attacks on tourists in Eastern Cape, South Africa
The Eastern Cape ranks among South Africa’s top tourism destinations. The province offers attractive landscapes, untamed Wild Coast beaches and pristine surfing spots. Millions of domestic and international tourists visit Eastern Cape annually. Tourism is Eastern Cape’s nerve centre generating revenue for its economy and thousands of jobs for locals. However, Eastern Cape has witnessed a surge in criminal attacks against tourists. This threatens its destination image with disastrous ramifications for its economy and a society reliant on tourism for survival. Extant scholarship examines how foreign media have reported on crime in South Africa, especially towards the 2010 FIFA World Cup, which the country hosted. Literature examining how the domestic press has mediated crime in tourism is scarce. Through this qualitative case study, we attend this lacuna by examining how Daily Dispatch constructed attacks on tourists in Eastern Cape and the implications on destination image. Data gathered through digital archival research were subjected to a framing analysis. Findings reveal that whereas Daily Dispatch depicted the attacks as a threat to Eastern Cape’s provincial economy and flagged poor policing, it primed grassroot anti-crime mechanisms inclusive of community neighbourhood watch as among a cocktail of measures guaranteeing safety for tourists. Such contextualised editorialization enabled Daily Dispatch to deftly mediate a sensitive subject intersecting tourism, crime and journalism.
Copyright (c) 2026 Takunda Maodza, Emihle Mbangatha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Strategic Management of Urban Heritage and Sustainable Development in Touat Region of Algeria
The Touat region of Algeria contains a worldwide important collection of earthen buildings which includes its ancient Ksour and its Casbahs. The area experiences an immediate governance emergency because urban development outpaces planning efforts which threatens the cultural heritage site. The research applies MACTOR (Matrix of Alliances and Conflicts: Tactics, Objectives, and Recommendations) strategic analysis tool to analyze how various actors and their objectives affect the evolution of urban areas. The research study reveals six essential players who work toward six essential goals which show how local governments and business developers control the area while pushing out the people who originally protected the cultural heritage. The research establishes numerical positions for actors which show a powerful conflict between their present financial targets and their required environmental protection efforts. The research results demonstrate that organizations need to establish an entirely different governance system. The research establishes a strategic development plan which uses the "Golden Equation" to achieve sustainability through three main elements that include multi-stakeholder collaboration and heritage economic value creation and compulsory urban planning regulations for earthen architecture. The proposed model functions as a testing model which can be applied in the Gourrara and Tidikelt region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdelmalek Abdelaoui, Mohamed Hocine Ait Saadi, Mohamed Benabdelfattah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Caliph’s Feudalism and the Sultan’s Feudalism: Theory and Practice According to the Orientalist Poliak
This study explains the nature of the relationship between the feudalism (land grant) of the caliph and that of the sultan during the Mamluk era, which reflected a form of political duality in the structure of governance. The caliph retained symbolic status and religious legitimacy, while actual authority and control over resources and lands shifted to the sultan. Whereas in earlier periods caliphs themselves granted iqṭāʿs, in the Mamluk era the caliph received a fixed iqṭāʿ determined by the sultan. This gradually transformed into a financial allocation, closer to a salary, without conferring administrative influence or direct authority over the management of those lands.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wafaa Adnan Hamid, Saja Ali Saleh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Strengthening Employee Performance Through Sustainable HRM: Examining the Moderating Role of Individual Culture
This study aims to analyse the influence of employee engagement, employee communication, attitude, transformational leadership, and Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) Learning on employee performance and its implications for Sustainable Human Resource Management, with employee culture as a moderating variable. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. The research population consists of managerial-level employees (leaders to managers) at companies in West Java who participated in the ‘X’ Job Training Institute (LPK) training programme, with a total of 360 respondents. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analysed using Structural Equation Modelling Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results showed that employee engagement, employee communication, transformational leadership, and NLP learning had a positive and significant effect on employee performance, while attitude had no significant effect. Furthermore, employee performance, employee engagement, attitude, transformational leadership, and NLP learning have a positive and significant effect on sustainable HRM, while employee communication does not have a significant effect. Additionally, employee culture acts as a moderating variable in the effect of employee engagement, employee communication, and transformational leadership on employee performance, as well as attitude and transformational. This study contributes theoretically by integrating individual factors, organizational factors, and NLP Learning into a comprehensive Sustainable HRM framework. Practically, the findings provide valuable insights for organizations and training institutions in designing more effective and Sustainable human resource development strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lisna Nurpida, Nera Marinda, Hadita ., Zahara Tussoleha Rony https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Improving Regional Sports Performance through a Governance Lens: An Analysis of Sports Governance in Lamongan Regency
This study examines how sport governance contributes to improving regional athletic performance through a case study of Lamongan Regency. Employing a qualitative case-study design, data were collected through in-depth interviews, policy document analysis, and limited observation, and were analyzed using Creswell’s qualitative analysis procedures. The analytical framework draws on Henry and Lee’s sport governance model—systemic governance, organizational governance, and political governance—engaged in dialogue with contemporary governance and public administration scholarship. The findings indicate that regional sport performance is shaped by the simultaneous interaction of these three governance dimensions. The study shows that weak cross-sectoral integration, particularly between sport and education, constrains the effectiveness of systemic governance; unequal internal participation undermines organizational governance; and misaligned political commitments among key actors impede the translation of political support into performance outcomes. The study’s novelty lies in advancing the concept of performance-oriented sport governance at the subnational level, emphasizing cross-sectoral integration, balanced organizational participation, and aligned political governance as prerequisites for sustaining performance improvements. This study contributes to public administration and sport governance research and offers policy implications for strengthening subnational sport governance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Erwin Sulistya Pambudi, Agus Suryono, Mochammad Rozikin, Ainul Hayat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Impact of Map-Based Worksheet Implementation on Spatial Thinking Skills in Social Sciences Subjects
This study aims to examine the impact of implementing map-based worksheets on students' spatial thinking skills in Social Studies (IPS). The method used was quantitative with a two-group post-test only experimental design. This study was conducted at SMP Plus Al Fatimah Bojonegoro, Indonesia. The study sample consisted of two groups: an experimental group that used map-based worksheets and a control group that was not given the treatment. Data were collected through spatial thinking tests administered before and after the implementation of map-based worksheets. The results of the analysis using the Independent t-test showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p = 0.002), with the experimental group showing a better increase in spatial thinking skills. The validity and reliability of the instruments used in this study also showed excellent results, and the prerequisite tests (normality and homogeneity of variance) met the requirements for the Independent t-test. This study concludes that the implementation of map-based worksheets is effective in improving students' spatial thinking skills in IPS learning, and it is recommended to implement it more widely in learning at school.
Copyright (c) 2026 Armawati Hidayati, Rusijono ., Fajar Arianto, Sukma Perdana Prasetya, Nurul Mazidah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0