Energy-Efficient Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks through Firefly–Gradient Descent Hybrid Optimization. Architecture Image Studies, [S. l.], v. 6, n. 3, p. 1463–1482, 2025. DOI: 10.62754/ais.v6i3.473. Disponível em: https://journals.ap2.pt/index.php/ais/article/view/473. Acesso em: 16 mar. 2026.